Working Capital Strategies Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Working Capital Strategies Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Working Capital Strategies Balance/419 June 22, 2015 Michele Huss Working Capital Strategies Presentation Working capital is characterized as the contrast between current resources and current liabilities (Working Capital, 2015). Our group has audited significant money related reports, for example, the latest monetary record and incomes explanations, taking applicable information to be investigated for how it will affect money the executives methodologies. So as to have an unmistakable effect and increment benefits there must be development and advancement, decidedly affecting customer enthusiasm for Apples product offering. To do this Apple officials and the board must have an away from of where they are by and by, and what should be practiced to arrive at their objectives. Included is a portrayal of how current resources and liabilities influence income the board, this data is significant on the grounds that it permits the executives to settle on vital choices to build income and piece of the overall industry. Our group has had the chance to make capital suggestions dependent on the pr esumption that Apples anticipated income will increment by 20% to the executives that incorporates point by point expert forma reports. The last region our group will concentrate on is the manner by which the expanded income will impact Apples working capital arrangement, recognizing exercises we have learned and featuring zones that can be grown further. This gives individuals from senior administration an away from of where this business Apple is and what it will take to accomplish their future money related objectives. Expanded Forecasted Revenues: MEGAN Any organization's income can increment or to diminish every year. We should watch Apple's present salary articulation; in agreement to Google Finance (2015), Apple's latest pay proclamation of March third, 2015 had the organization's all out income at $58 million. Accepting we guage effectively, Apple's income increments 20% in 2016, suppose generally $69 million. The organization would have not exclusively to perform well throughout the year yet in addition needed to of built up another bit of innovation that the open adored. Over the recent years, Apple has figured out how to advance and present a few items into the commercial center that customers energetically anticipate. In the event that an organization's income builds it is destined to expand their gross benefit also, and Apple seems, by all accounts, to be utilizing their working capital assets viably. The data's given however budget summaries; for instance, accounting report, pay explanation, and income articulation) that d etermine if that organization is gainful. What's more, regardless of whether there is adequate capacity to meet the working capital likewise needs to the drawn out obligation. Current Assets and Liabilities Affect Cash Management: MEGAN The data one can get from budget summaries gave by pattern investigation, proportion examination and the commentaries to the fiscal reports offer significant data about the administration of an organization and its likely accomplishment after some time. The main way anybody can figure out how fruitful and productive an organization is included cautious and succinct investigation of an organization's budget summaries. How are Apple's advantages and liabilities influencing their income? A more critical glance at the numbers exhibits $231,839,000 in complete resources and $120,292,000 in all out liabilities (Yahoo Finance, 2015). In this way, increments in records of sales, stock and prepaid costs harms the income, diminishes in these territories help the income. Increments in transient working liabilities help income where a decline would upset the income. Apple doesn't appear to be in any pain now, and that is a direct result of their inventive items. Poor income makes about difficult to recruit and hold fair workers; again Apple doesn't miss the mark here either. Finally, the organization's records receivable turnover and stock (some portion of organization resources) additionally to the real income investigation, decide how productive incomes convert into incomes. This guides in the assurance with regards to the organization's wellbeing and dependability. Capital Recommendation: MEGAN Any organization, productive or not ought to have a working capital suggestion. Figuring a master forma is fundamental to the capital proposal. As indicated by Way (2007) an organization's genius forma is the estimated fiscal summaries that depend on either foreseen future occasions or conceivably changing business execution in up and coming periods. After exploration, I have developed the accompanying star forma diagram utilizing the fiscal reports situated in the Google Finance and Yahoo Finance references. Reference

Code of Ethics and Safety in Engineering

Code of Ethics and Safety in Engineering Unique With a sheltered item, we have no concerns of utilizing it in light of the fact that there is no hazard that going to happen. Be that as it may, we should realize that nothing in this world is great. Any mishap can happen to any of us out there. Designer consistently include themselves with plan and making of new things which interest for a decent quality and more secure item. Safe Design must consent to the pertinent law, requires information and capacity, must endeavor to anticipate potential abuses of the item, must fulfill guideline of acknowledged building practice and should confirm each last plan. After the procedure that being trailed by the designer themselves, so it is dependent upon the client to utilize it in the correct manner. This task is required to offer attention to the building ethic course understudy on the term hazard, security and mishap in reality. Presentation What would we be able to state about Engineering Code of Ethics in this theme? To be straightforward, it is identified with the specialists to deliver items that are ok for the general public. It is additionally significant that they are the primary job in forestalling mishaps of their development. We should realize that nothing can be 100% sheltered and great, yet at the same time builds are required to make items as protected as sensibly possible.[1] Right off the bat, we should realize that security is about opportunity from the event or danger of injury, threat or misfortune. Along these lines, engineers need to follow the procedure or structuring his item so as to make it sheltered as could be expected under the circumstances. Safe structure is a procedure of danger distinguishing proof predominantly at the structure stage or controlling danger as ahead of schedule as conceivable to wellbeing and security in the arranging and plan of items, frameworks or procedure. Through hazard appraisal, plan alternative will be created to dispense with Occupational Health Safety (OHS) dangers or to limit OHS dangers of injury to the individuals who make the item and to the individuals who utilized it.[3] In light of cultural requests for more secure items and working environments, governments, organizations, architects and other people who are associated with development are necessitating that wellbeing be a major standard in plan. Configuration is a key building action. Architect consistently include in plan, advancement and formation of new or improved items, procedure, frameworks and administrations. Consequently, quality and wellbeing in configuration ought to be central in designing concerns, not exclusively to guarantee that the code of building ethic is to be rehearsed yet additionally to keep up a decent notoriety in building calling for better sense to create items, forms and systems.[3] Safe plan assumes a major job in structure objective, including practicability, cost and the usefulness of the planned item. Safe plan is the procedure of effectively accomplishing an equalization of these targets. To guarantee an absolute security in a structure, safe plan needs a comprehension of the each phase in the life of a planned item, beginning with the underlying origination to the end life of the item. Poor plan can bring about low profitability, higher support, higher business and laborers remuneration costs and decreased resource life. These monetary expenses are notwithstanding human expenses of injury, sickness, malady and disability.[3] As we as a whole realize that mishaps can generally happen in whenever. It is generally occurred on the client itself in spite of the fact that the item that being utilized is as of now being plan in term of wellbeing and the utilization as well. It is case to case premise circumstance. It relies upon whom to be fault. It might appear that engineers at some point bear no obligation regarding any mishap that occurred. In any case, engineer must comprehend that the framework or items that he is chipping away at and to endeavor to be innovative in deciding how things can be intended to turn away the same number of mix-ups by individuals utilizing the innovation as possible.[1] As we plan something, we should likewise think about the manual and strategy for the utilization of the gadget or innovation of the structure. It is for the client itself. Specialists need to adhere to the plan rules and in actuality they need to pay the hazard by structuring something so any mishap can be turned away. By producing the proprietors manual, perhaps the client can utilize the gadget or the innovation in the correct manner and it additionally can decrease the odds of getting any mishap that can prompt passing or injury. So builds are destined to help the individuals on the planet by developing the development innovation and planning it with the possibility of wellbeing as well. SAFE DESIGN CRITERIAS 1) Safe Design must agree to the relevant law All the plan must satisfy their details and guidelines to guarantee a decent and safe structure. Government wellbeing laws are diverse for every division or ventures. For instance, International Maritime Organization (IMO) has a significant part to play for embracing enactment for ships. IMOs wellbeing enactment manages the boat and traveler while The SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) do worry with traveler security and with lifesaving gear on traveler ships. While for electrical field, The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) is a lot of rules to shield individuals during the establishment, activity, and support of electric electrical cables. The NESC contains the essential arrangements thought about important for the wellbeing of representatives and people in general. Despite the fact that it isn't planned as a structure detail, its arrangements set up least plan prerequisites. PPL Electric Utilities Corp. (PPL) has created plan particulars and wellbeing rules which meet or outperfor m all prerequisites determined by the NESC.[3] 2) Safe Design requires information and ability For this situation, engineers need to have and have the option to exhibit required information about the plan that the individual in question is going to fabricate. They should know about the work environment dangers and any unsafe impact since a portion of the plan or venture includes the counteraction that may can possibly discharge dangerous material or vitality. Such occurrences will influence the earth, for example, harmful impacts, fire or blast and will head to different outcomes, for example, genuine wounds, property harm and misfortune creation. These are the premise prospects that specialists must concern and execute approaches to maintain a strategic distance from any risk causes.[4] 3) Safe Design must endeavor to predict potential abuses of the item Architects are expertly answerable for guaranteeing that their items or framework are protected enough before they are built up. They are lawfully bounceed through law and guidelines to guarantee that their structures are sheltered from idea through removal. To guarantee a protected plan, engineers must anticipate the potential outcomes about the abuses of the items and actualize approaches to limit the alerts of item abuses by the clients. By embracing a protected structure approach, it is conceivable to configuration out wellbeing and security dangers to make a plan choices that meet the two customers need and our commitments as an engineer.[2] 4) Safe Design must satisfy guideline of acknowledged building practice. Acknowledged building practice is a security gives that include essential thoughts regarding how we see the world and what we accept is significant and right. A planner has a duty to guarantee that their originations don't put the others on hazard. They cant simply make the structure by essentially overlook inconsequential hazard even it devours loads of cost. For instance, it may be less significant for a little house to introduce lightning assurance however it is an absolute necessity for such an enormous production lines or tower to do as such and to fulfill the guideline of specification.[3] 5) Safe Design must check each last structure For good specialists, they should consistently discover choices about how to improve their present items to improve security impact other than actualizing better approaches for plan. Nonetheless, in the wake of planning, the items and completed gadgets must be tried thoroughly to see whether the items are protected and meet the details required. For new alumni engineers, they would be required to work under the management and direction of increasingly experienced specialists, while they gain encounters. This is significant as new architect will endeavor to commit more errors as they have absence of experiences.[2] Structuring FOR SAFETY Security is commonly deciphered as suggesting a genuine and huge effect on danger of death, injury or harm to property. In light of apparent dangers numerous mediations might be proposed with building reactions and guideline being two of the most widely recognized. Best to be as careful as possible by Bruce Erion, President of the National Broadcast Pilots Assn, a straightforward however urgent for creators to hold up under with. One adaptation of the procedure for wellbeing configuration, taken from the finding of Wilcox will be altogether expounded. A portion of the means are including characterizing the issue and produce just as dissecting a few arrangements before executing the plan Thought of security ought to be a vital piece of the plan procedure at the different stages. Creators ought to survey the structure as it advances and if any huge peril is distinguished the plan ought to be adjusted to dispense with the danger where sensibly practicable, or in any case to decrease the hazard where sensibly practicable [4]. As the structure advances from idea to detail, thought of wellbeing issues moves from general perspectives to explicit viewpoints. The most significant commitment that a planner can likely make is at the idea and early structure advancement phases of a task when venture wide and framework dangers are being thought of. Another significant thing that an architect needs to consider is to limit the innate risk in the process as could as could be expected under the circumstances. It is acceptable on the off chance that we can barred any potential risk in our plan rather that to adapt to or in any case kept away from Hence, risky substances or responses are supplanted by less perilous ones, and this is liked to utilizing the hazardous substances in an embodied process[3]. Trevor Kletz said that to wipe out the risk totally or diminish its size adequately to dispense with the need fo

Essay Topics For ESL Argumentative Essays

Essay Topics For ESL Argumentative EssaysYou could be wondering what essay topics are best for ESL argumentative essays. The key to having a successful argumentative essay is in how you structure your argument and how you incorporate a lot of different points. Some topics that could be useful to you are religion, culture, politics, economy, environment, education, science, and even the unknown. What you decide is entirely up to you but remember that whatever topic you choose, be it a current event or a historical event, if it is thought provoking and worth reading from beginning to end, you will be successful in your essay.Because an ESL argumentative essay is a way for you to express your ideas in an understandable way, you will want to be sure that you can effectively communicate your ideas without sounding like you are rambling. So many ESL students make the mistake of just going into a long explanation about what they mean by a subject because if you do that, it will definitely l eave a bad impression on your reader.For example, a business person would not want to read an article where someone is speaking about a particular product that makes their business run smoothly, unless it had a very well put together and logical flow. This article could have been written about anything and everything, but if it was not organized and structured well it would end up sounding a lot like he is rambling. When this happens, it really is difficult to keep the reader's attention.If you were to write a business article in English, the more you could include in the articles, the better chance you have of actually having it written in a manner that would make it a good candidate for publishing. Whether you are talking about business models or processes, you need to make sure that you can include all the right information, be it in a shorter length or in a smaller number of words.It will help if you plan out what you want to say about certain things before you begin writingso t hat when you get to the point, you can outline it. Be sure that you know how much information you want to include.Also, another important aspect of your essay is your use of style. In order to look professional, you should strive to be as neutral as possible and keep in mind that although you may use certain slang terms, such as 'Oriental', it will not be considered rude by the majority of people that are familiar with it.Language, therefore, should be good, easy to understand and, if at all possible, as close to native English as possible. It should be able to demonstrate that you truly know English, not only speak it but have it spoken or understand it in any way whatsoever.Knowing how to use language well and presenting yourself in a clear manner will show off your ability to argue and make different arguments. However, you should remember that using that skill well can take time, and so the process may take longer if you do not practice, so it is best to try and use some materia l at the same time as practicing your grammar and writing.

Reflection On Drug Abuse - 1824 Words

LOOK BACK In clinical placement, I was faced with a client who was identified as an individual with a history of drug abuse. This reflection is about my experience dealing with this individual, his attitude and the situation that presented itself in regard to his prescribed opioid analgesics, as well as providing care for him. ELABORATE On arrival to the room, only one of my patient was present, I went ahead and introduced myself and found my assigned staff nurse to notify her that I was unable to find my other client, despite my search. Staff nurse stated that the client may be around as he sometimes leaves the floor to get some fresh air and returns. About an hour later, when I was all done with my other patient(named P.B), I went in†¦show more content†¦This information caused warning bells to go off in my head. I reassured P.B. that I would need to question the nurse about his medication and would return as to what medication he is able to get to aid with his pain. Finding my staff nurse, she informed me that the doctor changed the interval for the opioid because the patient had a history of addiction and the current suspicion of drug abuse activities. As an advocator for his pain management I reviewed the patient’s chart, it was determined that he was only able to receive regular Tylenol as the Percocet was not due for 1.5 hrs. I returned to the room to inform the patient that he was allowed plain Tylenol for now to help relieve his pain. He then stated, â€Å"I don’t like Tylenol, I don’t want that.† I was taken aback by the comment because in my mind I was thinking that Tylenol may help him by taking off some edge to the pain till his opioid could be given, but client refused and decided to wait for the 1.5 hrs for the Percocet. He also refused any care to be performed, and wanted to be left alone. As the shift went on, I periodically checked in my patient to make sure that the was ok, and every time I entered his room patient P.B. would ask me the time, and his desire for Percocet. I assessed patient for any signs of pain, and it should be noted that client had no objective signs of pain such as increased respirations, guarding, grimacing. HeShow MoreRelatedAn Effective Substance Abuse Counselor1268 Words   |  6 PagesTo become an effective substance abuse counselor, there are six key points which include: knowing the principles of MI, being able to help strengthen a client’s coping skills, being able to utilize OARS, understanding Thomas Gordon’s Twelve Roadblocks, being knowledgeable about drugs, and having knowledge of assessing and Individualizing Evidence Based Treatment Plans. An effective substance abuse counselor needs to utilize the OARS. The OARS acronym includes: open-ended questions, affirmationsRead MoreShould Drug Abuse Be Rehabilitated Drug Users Do Not Return? 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Modeling DNA - Structure, Function and Replication

Constructing DNA models is a great way to learn about DNA structure, function, and replication. DNA models are representations of the structure of DNA. These representations can be physical models created from almost any type of material or they can be computer generated models. DNA Models: Background Information DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is housed within the nucleus of our cells and contains the genetic information for the reproduction of life. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in the 1950s. DNA is a type of macromolecule known as a nucleic acid. It is shaped like a twisted double helix and is composed of long strands of alternating sugars and phosphate groups, as well as nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine). DNA controls cellular activity by coding for the production of enzymes and proteins. The information in DNA is not directly converted into proteins, but must first be copied into RNA in a process called transcription.​ DNA Model Ideas DNA models can be constructed from almost anything including candy, paper, and even jewelry. An important thing to remember when constructing your model is to identify the components you will use to represent the nucleotide bases, sugar molecule, and phosphate molecule. When connecting the nucleotide base pairs be sure to connect the ones that pair naturally in DNA. For example, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. Here are some excellent activities for constructing DNA models: How to Make a DNA Model Using CandyCardboard DNA ModelsDNA Jewelry ModelKNEX DNA Models DNA Models: Science Projects For those interested in using DNA models for science fair projects, remember that simply constructing a model is not an experiment. Models may be used, however, to enhance your project.

Uninsured And Underinsured On America Why Is It A Social...

Uninsured and Underinsured In America-Why Is It a Social Problem? According to data presented by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the US health care cost exceeded $ 8,000 per capita, in 2010, comparing to the next most expensive system (Norway) $5,000 per capita (OECD Health Data, 2012). Despite being the most expensive system in the word, US healthcare system has failed on many areas of performance and quality. According to OECD data, US has much lower life expectancy than other industrialized countries, also the infant mortality rate is higher than those countries. Moreover, the US is the only industrialized country that does not provide its citizens a protection of a universal health care coverage. Before the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the statistics reported that over 50 million people in the US had no health insurance. In 2010, the long awaited healthcare reform was passed and many efforts were made to reduce the percentage of uninsured. The enrollment in the Medicare services was extended, millions of low-income individuals were eligible to be enrolled in Medicaid coverage, lifetime dollar limits were eliminated, insurance were no longer able to refuse coverage due to existing conditions. Since 2010, multiple provisions were enacted to improve quality and increase access to healthcare. One of the biggest changes that came into effect in 2014, was the â€Å"individual mandate†, a provision that requires all legal citizens toShow MoreRelated Evaluation - Does Health Care Measure Up? Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesCongress because he did not want to risk his other New Deal proposals. But other presidents, including Harry Truman in 1949 and Richard Nixo n in 1971, have tried to introduce some type of health care reform, enjoying varying measures of success. Why do we still need reform? 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20th Century Drama An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

20th Century Drama An Inspector Calls Essay An Inspector Calls was written in 1944-45 but set in 1912 before the world war. In 1944-45 Priestly sent the script of An Inspector Calls to Moscow as unfortunately there were no London Theatres available, so due to this the script was established in 2 theatres in 1945, which it came back to London to be produced. The audience were in the 1945 mood whilst watching the play that was set in 1912. So the audience are re-visiting what was soon to come -2 years later the 1st world war and the sinking of the unsinkable ship Titanic on her maiden voyage. A version of another detective thriller, as what it seemed at the beginning of the play. The opening scene involves the audience being invited in to the play in a very cosily style to a warm scene of a diner party where all the characters of the Birling family are introduced including Gerald Croft. A mysterious inspector intrudes on the cosy scene As one by one each member of the Birling family is questioned there is a chain of events that sequences and links the whole investigation to a suicide murder. However this is not what it is only about, but there is another story portrayed that leads into confusion about the real identity of the inspector. Was he a Ghost, was he the voice of conscious or was he? Who knows! There are a variety of entrances and exits that take place in the play. A build of anxiety, fear, nervousness and suspense is the entire thrill in the entrances and exits of An Inspector Calls. The importance of entrances and exits in the play is to keep the audience enthusiastic and keen to watch the involving exits and entrances. There are various characters in the play and each has a very significant role to play in the story which also connects to a mysterious murder. The tree most important characters from my point of view are: Gerald, Eric and of course the Inspector; The Inspector has an attitude that is tough. He is a hard- headed man. He is precise and influential and creates an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness just at a glance of look. He is an inspector that obeys his work and duty and likes to do it firmly otherwise there is a muddle. He intrudes the cosy scene and that lets the play move on with a subject of his own. Inspector Goole is strong and has sturdy physique that is then described throughout the play in a very peculiar and suspicious manner. A typical man in his 20s evoked by Eric Birling. Half shy half assertive with drinking problems, late nights and women; just are few of his problems that cost a big price during the play. Eric however, unlike his parents, realises the consequences of his actions. Eric is shown playing a big part in one of the most dramatic entrance of the play that characterises his role expressively that then makes him an important character of the play. Another very vital personality illustrated in An Inspector Calls, Gerald who is seductive and personable man in his 30s, rather too manly to be a dandy. Gerald is a helpful and a quiet down-to-town gentleman. Despite Geralds involvement of a big role in Evas life, Gerald is not all that disturbed by the incident which demonstrates his character played in An Inspector Calls. Some of the major entrances that take place in the play suggest the tension that rises gradually towards the very anxious entrance that takes place nearer to the end of the novel. However the entrance that is performed as the first access to the story plays a crucial part in the development of An Inspector Calls. Inspector Goole is the first uninvited character to enter in the engagement party and to ruin the pleasant scene. The Inspectors entrance is a very tragic entrance that takes place in the beginning of the play. It happens when an engagement ceremony has undergone and is interrupted by the Inspector. Mr Birling however is not disturbed by the presence of the Inspector as he is expecting a warrant warning instead there is a different story portrayed. The Inspector obstructs the uneasy conversation between Gerald and Eric also involving Mr Birling that then leads to a confused and a frantic Birling family. The Inspector who at first glance creates an impression of massiveness gives an bitter look as a sigh of giving discomfort before he approaches the person who is being investigated. At first the Inspector is spoken with short phrases to suggest an Inspector of solidity and then the reason of his appearance is conveyed with a lengthily speech and is heard with an aggressive manner that immediately relates to the tough inspector. Essay On The Cherry Orchard About SocietyGerald departs from the play for a walk about, however before he leaves Sheila gives him the engagement ring that was given to her by Gerald himself only a few minutes ago although Sheila now respects him more than she has ever done. By Geralds exit there is a different mood given to the play. The atmosphere of the stage is rather a quiet and sad one as the reason of the ceremony has been abolished. The mood is shown changing as the stage directions convey the looks and sounds in a guarded way as Gerald exits and the Birlings watch him go in silence. The timing of the action has been performed after Gerald has been inquired and before Mrs. Birling and Eric were being questioned of a possible suspect to the chain of events leading to the suicide of Eva Smith. Birling is shown consolidating Gerald by interrupting Sheila and talking about lots of young men doing these kinds of things these days. Geralds exit symbolises that they maybe lots of secrets concealed inside every one of us. The last and most relieving exit for the Birling Family is the final dramatic exit of the play. This is performed by the Inspector in the middle of Act 3. The exit is portrayed in a dubious and peculiar manner that suggests a tense frame of mind. The Inspector summarises the effects of the suicide murder with a long departing paragraph and ends it with the consequences of the incident as he teaches them a lesson in blood and anguish. The Inspectors speech, gestures, stage directions, facial expressions and most of all the self-assured confidence in his speech intertwines together to build a tower of tension and relief. For the Birling Family it was a huge sigh of relief, in comparison to the audience, which related to them as a theatrical departure. The atmosphere of the play has a sudden change from an anxious investigation to a slightly casual mood. Earlier on, before the tense exit of the Inspector, Birling is trying a different method , a method of bribe which the Inspector thinks he is offering money at the wrong time, however Birling can give thousands-yes thousands. The stage directions evoke a confident exit that actually has some effect on both the audience and the characters. The play is then continued with feed back from the family members and also another entrance that changes the whole phase of the play. As for the exits, they make the audience feel sympathetic towards the character illustrating the exits. As Gerald takes his leave the audience are willing not for him to leave as for the Inspectors exit it wraps up the whole play and makes the play run on his intentions so when the main character exits from the play, there is a slight tension in the audience. The stage directions are interpreted as a confident exit which leads to a successful play involving exits that have a turning effect on the audience. So overall, the play can be classified as a success. One reason for this is the involvement of exits and entrances that create shock, jolt and maybe a form of relaxation. In my opinion I thought that the most dramatic exit or entrance is the entrance performed by Eric right at the end of Act 2. This is very significant entrance that is performed in a nail biting situation and that can put the audience in great enthusiasm. At the beginning of the play An Inspector calls is introduced to a tranquil opening scene. In comparison, the closing scene is totally opposite to the opening scene as the closing scene shows the characters in a muddled and in a fearful mood and the atmosphere is uneasy. A point to be noted is that in the opening scene of the play the whole characters of the play (minus Edna and Inspector) are present for the ceremony and after so many dramatic exits and shocking entrances the same characters are shown in the closing scene but with a different mood, a mood of distress and mayhem as the chain of events has finally come to an end.

Johnson v. Misercordia Hospital Essay Example

Johnson v. Misercordia Hospital Paper In 1980, patient (plaintiff) James Johnson filed suit against Misericordia Community Hospital alleging medical malpractice. The suit specifically alleged corporate negligence in the appointment of Dr. Lester V. Salinksy (independent member) to the medical staff at Misericordia Community Hospital. During the surgery, Dr. Salinsky severed the femoral artery, resulting in partial paralysis for Johnson (casebriefs. com). Ultimately, Johnson suffered a permanent paralytic condition to his right thigh muscles with resultant atrophy and weakness as well as a loss of function after undergoing hip surgery performed by Dr. Salinsky (Showalter, 2012). Salinsky settled litigation with the plaintiff Johnson before trial, but Misericordia disputed the allegation that the hospital was negligent in the hiring of Salinsky. The issue of significance revealed during the trial of Johnson v. Misericordia Community Hospital is that Salinsky’s qualifications, medical standing and references listed on the application of employment were never verified by Misericordia. During the trial it was revealed that; Dr. Salinsky presented an application for employment with information that included significant misstatements and exclusions that should have been a cause for a denial of appointment to Misericordia’s medical staff. For example, Salinsky failed to answer questions related to his malpractice liability insurance and also failed to mention that his privileges had been suspended, diminished, revoked or not renewed at any hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson v. Misercordia Hospital specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson v. Misercordia Hospital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson v. Misercordia Hospital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instead, not only were Salinsky’s requested orthopedic privileges and appointment to the hospital’s medical staff approved; Salinsky was also elevated to the position of Chief of Medical staff shortly after joining the medical staff. Misericordia’s medical staff coordinator, Jane Bekos stated that an examination of Misericordia’s records reflected that at no time was an investigation made by anyone representing Misericordia, of any of the statements recited in Salinsky’s application or employment (Showalter, 2012). This was an oversight on behalf of Misercordia despite the fact that the Salinsky’s application for employment authorized Misericordia to contact his malpractice carriers, past and present, and all the hospitals that he had previously been associated with, for the purpose of obtaining any information bearing on his professional competence, as well as his moral, and ethical qualifications for staff membership State the relevant laws that the case uses. The Doctrine of Corporate Negligence holds health-care facilities, such as hospitals, nursing homes and medical clinics, accountable for the well-being of patients. Under the Doctrine of Corporate Negligence the hospital owes certain â€Å"duties† directly to the patient, which cannot be delegated to the medical staff. Under the Doctrine of Corporate Negligence Misericordia Community Hospital, owes a duty to its patients to refrain from any act which will cause foreseeable harm to others even though the nature of that harm and identity of the harmed person or harmed interest are unknown at the time of the act (westlaw citation). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Thompson v. Nason Hospital classified the hospital’s duties into four categories. 1) a duty to use reasonable care in the maintenance of safe and adequate facilities and equipment; 2) a duty to select and retain only competent physicians; 3) a duty to oversee all persons who practice medicine within its walls as to patient care; and 4) a duty to formulate, adopt and enforce adequate rules and policies to ensure quality care for the patients. The hospital also failed to adhere to its own bylaw provisions and to the Wisconsin statues related to medical credentialing. The respondeat superior doctrine holds an entity liable for the negligent acts of an employee arising from the course of his or her employment. At the onset of Salinsky’s employment he was an independent contractor. Hence, Johnson is not claiming Misercoridia vicariously liable for the negligence of Salinsky under respondeant superior. Salinsky would have had to be an employee of Misercordia for the respondeant superior doctrine to hold up throughout a court trial. Globally the Corporate Negligence Doctrine means that hospitals are no longer immune from tort liability when a case of negligence is brought to court. The hospital duty is owed directly to the patient. Hospitals who wish to avoid liability in cases such as Johnson v. Misercordia Community Hospital should ensure that the organization has an established and functioning credentialing system. Each application for employment should be verified including the applicant’s prior hospital affiliations and malpractice carriers. There should also be an established procedure utilized to approve medical privileges to the hospital and elevation to other positions in the hospital. The appointment and approval of medical privileges should also be approved by the governing board or executive committee after the credentials of the applicant have been verified. The adoption of corporate liability (negligence) has been linked to the rising number of medical malpractice claims, the ever increasing cost of healthcare (particularly in the United States) and also the issues related to obtaining and maintaining medical malpractice coverage for health care providers and entities. References Personal Injury and Corporate Negligence. (n. d. ). The Law Offices of Stephen R Bough. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from http://www. boughlawfirm. com/articles/personal-injury-corporate-negligence JOHNSON v. MISERICORDIA COMMUNITY HOSP. | Leagle. com. (n. d. ). JOHNSON v. MISERICORDIA COMMUNITY HOSP. | Leagle. com. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from http://www. leagle. com/decision/198180799Wis2d708_1746. xml/JOHNSON%20v. %20MISERICORDIA%20COMMUNITY%20HOSP. ’ Showalter, J. S. (2012). Liability of the Healthcare Institution. The law of healthcare administration (6th ed. , pp. 157-190). Chicago, Ill. : Health Administration Press.

Student societies Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Student societies Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Student societies Contents 1. The backgrounds of the student societies (history of student societies) 2. The most widely spread student societies 3. Unique student societies Conclusion Literature Introduction Student as a component of youth is a specific social group that characterizes a special way of life, the conditions of academic work and everyday life. A large majority of students live in or near major cities, many of them live in dormitories, thus creating a unified student's life, forming common interests, student traditions, world outlook, etc., quite certain special qualities and peculiar role in the historical development of social relations. [5] Student society is a voluntary association of students, which independently and under its responsibility solves issues related to the interests of students. [5] Student society is independent social activity of students on the implementation of the functions of management of a higher educational institution, determined by the administration, dean's offices and carried out by young people, allows its energy to be involved in improving the educational process and, at the same time, avoid subjectivity in decision-making. [5] In accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", institutions of s tudent societies are created in higher educational institutions, which promote the harmonious development of the student's personality, the formation of his skills for the future organizer, the head. [5] Student societies in a higher educational institution are independent public activity of students on the implementation of the functions of management of higher educational institutions, which is determined by the administration (administration), dean's offices (departments) and carried out by students in accordance with the goals and objectives of the student groups. [3] The subject of the research is American student societies. Consequently the object is the activity of American student socities . The main tasks of the student societies are: ensuring and protecting the rights and interests of students, in particular, with regard to the organization of the educational process; Ensurin g students fulfill their duties Facilitating educational, scientific and c reative activities of students Facilitating the creation of appropriate conditions for students' living and resting; Facilitating t he activities of student clubs, associations, interest clubs organization of cooperation with students of other higher educational establishments and youth organizations facilitating the employment of graduates Participation in solving internation al student exchange issues. [3] This investigation can b used for self - studying, delivering lectures and just for broadening one's outlook. The backgrounds of the student societies(history of student societies) A student society, student association, university society or student organization is a society or an organization, operated by students at a university or a college institution, whose membership typically consists only of students or alumni. Student societies in higher education institutions are mainly focused on: - protection of students' interests at all levels of higher education; - implementation of student initiatives in the educational process, as well as in scientific, professional, cultural and ot her social spheres of activity; - increasing the effectiveness of interaction between students and the university administration; - e nsuring student rights and freedoms in accordance with c ivil norms in force in society; - cooperation wi th state and local authorities; - organization of everyday life, various forms of leisure, travel, employment of students; - creation of a new information space for university students and their connection with world information sources [2, pp. 244-252]. Early notable types of student societies include the medieval so-called nations of the University of Bologna and the University of Paris. Later Modern era examples include the Studentenverbindung in the German speaking world, as well as the evolvement of fraternal orders for students and student fraternities internationally. Aims may involve practice and propagation of a certain professional hobby or to promote professional development or philanthropic causes. Examples of common societies found in most universities are a debate society, an international student society, a rock society, and student chapters of professional societies (e.g. the American Chemical Society). Not all societies are based around such a large area of interest and many universities also find themselves home to societies for many obscure hobbies such as a Neighbours society. Student societies typically have open membership, thus differing from honor societies, secret societies, and certain fraternities that admit

Chernoble disaster Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chernoble disaster - Research Paper Example The reason for the event is that the coolant pumps which are stopped to test the backup system have caused the core to reach the temperatures which can meltdown the core. In this way the backup generators failed and thus caused the accident. Cooling systems of the plant failed and it became impossible for the workers to stop the reactors or slow it down (Green Facts, 2006). There are many environmental effects that are the results of the incident of the Chernobyl. The radio active ash from the incident place spread widely in the surrounding of the Chernobyl. The ash from the incident place has three types, one is in the form of clouds or very thin ash which has a comparatively less weight and other is a bit thick ash that contains a large amount of radioactive materials. The thin ash is carried by air and can travel a large distance but it has a little impact on humans and environment. The thick ash can remain for many hundred years. The ash can cause cancer and if a person is too mu ch close to the radiation material, the ash can damages his cells, causing a typical type of cancer or a mutation World Nuclear Association. March, 2011). The persons have got cancers that are far from the place. A genetic mutation is fount in the plants and animals of the area and many people are also affected by the radiation. Extraordinary organ growth is now a common day thing in the region.

Four hours in my lai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four hours in my lai - Essay Example This is because the U.S military taking refuge in one of the Vietnamese villages was waiting for an encounter that would allow them to use their trainings and protection mechanism for the war. However, this opportunity did not come easily thus, they decided to try the attack towards Vietnamese groups. My Lai Massacre happened in the morning of March 16, 1968 which was one of the bloodiest and vicious mass killings in history(Michael & Kevin,102). This Massacre was characterized by the killing spree done in the hamlets in South Vietnam by the U.S. military troupes by the use of bombs and blasting that killed not only men and women, but also innocent children and even animals (Bilton & Sim, 1992). The massacre death toll reached approximately 500 plus people. Though the massacre called for attention, the soldiers involved in the massacre, 26 of them to be exact, one of whom is Lt. William Calley has managed to reduce the buzz from the eventful date. However, during the fall of the year 1969, media was able to open the eyes of the world and bring them to the real tragedy and demonstration of abuse of power by the U.S. military in the My Lai massacre that led to the imprisonment of those involved. The Cleveland Plain Dealer spearheaded in breaking the story to the public where an army photographer from Cleveland, Ronald Haeberle has exposed photographs of the massacre and granted a newspaper firm an exclusive interview of himself . This gave the public an unbiased view of what really happened in the My Lai Massacre. The media has played a big role in giving the world a clear view of the Vietnam massacre. Because of media, I strongly believe that the My Lai Massacre freed itself from the preconceived thoughts of the world being a massacre that had to do with the political and economic insurgency in Vietnam at that time against communism and their leaders (Bilton & Sim, 1992). Instead, this war also highlighted on the American military whose unlawful command needed s ome rethinking and how the American military’s actions strongly shaped Vietnamese history and culture today. The Massacre was indeed not only a big event in Vietnamese history but is still continuing to remind people of the massacre’s remnants because of its short and long term effects. Some of the short term effects of the war would include the stricter guidelines and qualifications set for military volunteers who wish to serve in leadership troops. This was due to lack of in-depth knowledge on making decisions on critical matters that led to the My Lai massacre. Apart from which, there was also a drop in the number of applicants who would want to train for military service through college attendance or homeland service because the Vietnam war drew a bad light on the hopes of producing well-trained and experienced career soldiers who would be put in the front lines. On the other hand, some of the long-term effects of the My Lai Massacre would be the change in the cult ure of military training. As the massacre pointed out the problems with the old military culture wherein the insistence of compulsory obedience is required and the doctrine of â€Å"command responsibility† to the lowest ranks is strictly followed, today, the military command landscape drastically changed (Bilton & Sim, 19

Plato Analysis Essay Example for Free

Plato Analysis Essay Platos The Republic centers on a simple question: is it better to be just than unjust? In answering this overlying question, Socrates outlines the ideal city and how justice is a virtue of that city. From there, he characterizes justice as a virtue of the soul. It is while he is discussing the soul that Socrates begins to define the different types of souls. Rather than comparing and contrasting each soul, Plato quickly jumps into contrasting the tyrannical soul with the aristocratic soul ? the most unjust with the most just. In Book IX of Platos The Republic, Socrates describes a man in an awful state asserting that the worst of souls is the tyrant. This accurate assertion can be seen through the consideration of not only the tyrants personal characteristics but also the negative ______ he contributes to the city. In Book VIII of Platos Republic, the five types of people are presented in parallel to the fives types of regimes. The most inferior of the five regimes is tyranny. Correspondingly, the tyrannical soul is then the most inferior person. Socrates examines the steady decline from one regime to the next, starting with the fall from aristocracy to timocracy when factions arise between auxiliaries and guardians. This decline comes because of injustice and the spirit of the auxiliaries not abiding by the edicts of reason. Further decline due to an excess of desire and the degradation of spirit ultimately leads to tyranny. This is the most wretched of all the regimes as the tyrant is the most wretched of souls. Book IX of The Republic begins with a story of two young men whose lives take opposite paths. The first is raised in a home more Spartan than Athenian, born to a parsimonious father who honors the money-making desires while despising the ones that arent necessary but exist for the sake of play and showing off (572c). The son rebels against his austere upbringing, and revels in the company of subtler men who delight in the pleasures of the world (572c). However, because the young man has been brought up to abhor such worldliness, in the end he chooses a middle path ? neither illiberal nor hostile to law ? having become what Plato describes as a man of the people (572d). This introduction is important, because Plato uses the young man previously described to contrast the second. The second man is perhaps the son of the first, raised in moderation, to appreciate both the diligence of work and the joy of pleasure. When the same influences, friends, and ideas that changed his father begin to work on him, this young man does not have the inner moral courage to chart his own path. With his father urging moderation and his friends encouraging irresponsibility, the young man is torn between the two. Herein lies the downfall of the man ? the dread enchanters and tyrant-makers who espouse reckless pleasure-seeking realize that they will not win him over with continued persuasion, so they seek to make him a slave to his own desires (573a). Plato calls these desires love, but lust may be a more apt description (573b). Having now become a drone, the young man is imbued with desire to satisfy the temporal passions that bring momentary pleasure (573b). This desire drives him insane. He has madness as his bodyguard, and runs amuck, eliminating those whose own decency contrasts with his own lack thereof, killing them out of shame. The tyrant is characterized as the worst of souls because of his personal attributes that are detrimental and undesirable to any man. Drunken, erotic, and melancholic, he lives solely to satisfy the passions and desires that run rampant in his mind (573c). This man does little good by himself or his fellowmen, and, if given the opportunity, would become the most terrible of rulers. Plato defines this man to be his tyrant and describes him as the most miserable person in society. Socrates and Glaucon characterize the person ruled by lawless attitudes as enslaved, having the least amount of control to what he wants. The tyrant is full of confusion and regret, fearful and poor, with an insatiable appetite (577c-578a). To any human being, it would be least desirable to become a person as described above who is never satisfied. The greatest control an individual can obtain is control over their own thoughts and desires. Without this control, a person is miserable and relies on the outside world to fill his appetite. To illustrate the idea that a tyrant is simply one whose passions are out of control, Plato compares the tyrant to a drunken man. Just as a drunken man has a tyrannical spirit, so a man drunk on his own lustful desires has the same (573c). The tyrannical soul is seen as enslaved because it desires satisfactions that solely depend on external circumstances. As long as these desires continue to consume the tyrant and are never completely satisfied, the tyrant is least able to do what he wants. By virtue of not being able to do what he wants, the tyrant is full of confusion and disorder. This man is in an awful state and lives only in misery. By showing the development of the tyrant from undisciplined childhood to irrational adulthood, Plato shows his reader the warning signs that accompany such a person. He describes the despots of the ancient world for what they were: lustful men whose bodily appetites reign over their personal lives and the societies unfortunate enough to be at their command. Socrates explains that the only thing worse than the tyrannical soul is the tyrannical soul who goes public and becomes the political tyrant (578c). Socrates continues, The man who is mad and deranged undertakes and expects to be able to rule not only over human beings but gods, too (573c). With this phrase, Socrates begins to show why the reader should be wary of the rise of a political tyrant. He describes how a tyrants rule is bad for those he rules over. Having gotten the idea that he should rule over both men and gods, the tyrant uses this power, once obtained, to satisfy his selfish desires. Feasts, revels, parties, courtesans, and everything else of the sort, are hallmarks of his reign (573d). Such living, however, rapidly depletes his income and resources, and he is then forced to obtain resources from others which consequently becomes to the city. The tyrannical man can only give so much to the people of the city. He will therefore enlist them in necessary and just wars to continue his popularity and to account for the poor economy. These just wars serve to perpetuate the continual need for a tyrant. Because the tyrants actions displease those who helped set him up, he must gradually do away with them until he is left without a friend or foe. Socrates contrasts this to the work of a doctor. A doctor is seen as helpful and needed because he takes off the worst of the body and leaves the rest (567c). However, the tyrant does the opposite, taking off the best and leaving the worst. This is a necessity for him to rule; consequently, he hurts the city. The tyrant, slave to his love, or personal passions, becomes a tyrant over others. He begins to find those with means and seeks to deprive them of it, usually by force. He is addicted to his desires, racked with pains and aches when he cannot fill them (Plato, 263). No one is immune to his wild demands. He will victimize his own parents, claiming he deserves to get the better of his father and mother (574a). If they resist, they will meet the same fate as anyone else who opposes the madman. In short, his childhood of moderation has become a career of chaos. The tyrant is a slave to himself and his desires in the city. The moral of Platos argument is clear. Even a small minority of tyrants can cause trouble within a community. Plato suggests that in times of war, tyrants flock to the battlefront, volunteering their services to distant tyrants as mercenaries and bodyguards (Plato, 264). But in times of peace, they remain at home and comprise a class of lawless criminals. Thieves, burglars, cutpurses, pickpockets, temple robbers, kidnappers, all are tyrants waiting for their chance to take power (Plato, 265). Platos warning to society is to teach temperance and philosophy to the rising generation, so that they do not become tyrants and lead their city into ruin. In an age where democracy was a new and rare commodity, the threat of becoming subject to a tyrant in ancient Greece was very real indeed. Philosophers like Plato tried to discover how the tyrants of the age became so, so that they could avoid coming under their power. Having philosophically defined tyrants as evil and unjust in the realm of philosophy, Plato uses logic in Book IX of The Republic to support the assumption that totalitarian societies, like those of Athenss neighbors, suffer under the reign of such leaders. This argument will later lead to his assertion that philosophers are the best leaders a state can have. Bound by ethics and reason, philosopher-kings would ensure that society is properly educated, supremely tolerant, and, most importantly, true to the ideal of justice that Plato holds dear.

Oedipus The King :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Oedipus’ Hamartia Aristotle once said that a hero’s downfall must be a result of some tragic flaw within the character. This flaw was known as hamartia in the Greek world of Aristotle. Since Aristotle greatly admired Oedipus the King, many people believe that Oedipus must have had a prominent and complex hamartia. Discovering Oedipus’ hamartia within the play is not an easy task. In fact, it is impossible to point out Oedipus’ hamartia since I do not believe that he has one. Everything that he says or does throughout the play is justifiable in one way or another. There is always some logical explanation behind his thoughts and actions and, thus, Oedipus does not have a tragic flaw in his character. There are a number of different points that one can analyze and claim to be Oedipus’hamartia. For instance, some people may examine Oedipus’ bad temper and label this as the flaw that leads to his downfall. Oedipus becomes enraged at Teiresias’ claim that he is the one who murdered Laius and he begins to believe that this is an attempt by Creon to overthrow him. Despite Oedipus’ anger in this situation, his reaction can be justified. First of all, Teiresias’ allegation that Oedipus is the killer is absurd to him since he would never murder a king. Also, it seems logical that Creon would be behind such a scheme since he would be next in line to the throne. Therefore, Oedipus’ bad temper cannot be considered his hamartia. Another characteristic of Oedipus that some people tend to refer to as his hamartia is his murderous temperament. One can see this side of Oedipus when he recounts the story in which he killed the old man in the wagon as well as a few of the man’s servants. However, Oedipus’ murderous rage was completely justified in this situation. After all, the old man and his servants were trying to throw Oedipus off the road by brute force. Oedipus, in a sense, was merely defending himself from these men and killed them only out of self-defense and rage. Hence, Oedipus’ murderous temperament cannot be his tragic flaw. Some people even believe that Oedipus’ hamartia was carelessness. Surely anyone told about killing his father and sleeping with his mother would have avoided killing any man and sleeping with any woman. Oedipus, on the other hand, did kill a man and he did sleep with a woman.

What is meant by unemployment and what are its different types? Essay

Unemployment cannot be simply defined as the number of people without jobs. Such a definition would include children who are too young to work, pensioners and housewives and others who choose not to take up paid up employment. Since these groups pose no serious economic problems. Unemployment in a country refers to all those people who are willing to work, but are unable to find a job. Moreover unemployment is a very complex phenomenon. It is rather easy to notice but difficult to define. Broadly, unemployment may mean lack of employment. Thus, anybody who fails to work may be considered as being unoccupied and therefore unemployed for the concerned period. Ordinarily, the term unemployment denotes a condition of joblessness. In the early 1980’s worldwide unemployment rose to very high levels, higher than during some of the year 1930s although not as high as the peak unemployment rates of that earlier ‘Great Depression’ whereby the overall level of unemployment as well as the structure of unemployment was extremely varied. (References Wikipedia.com) The measurement of unemployment is very important for any economy. Unemployment is one of the most serious economic problems and it is important for the government to know the level and the rate so that it can take appropriate corrective measures. Formula for calculating rate of unemployment: Unemployment Rate = Total number unemployed x 100 Labour Force Labour Force = Number of people employed + Number of people unemployed Unemployment rate in Mauritius The graph above shows the historical trend of unemployment. In year 2004 unemployment rate was high 10.8% then it decreased from 2005. As from 2008 to 2011 we can observe that the unemployment rate was stabilized at around 7%. Which shows good reforms campaign by the government despite the economic crisis which affected Mauritius in 2008. Types of Unemployment: There is a lot of confusion and disagreement regarding the meaning and nature of unemployment. So, to comprehend the problem in a proper way and suggest remedies, we may discuss the various types of unemployment. Unemployment thus may be discussed broadly under several heads: Seasonal unemployment Frictional unemployment Structural unemployment Cyclical unemployment Technological unemployment Disguised unemployment Seasonal Unemployment: According to Beveridge, â€Å"Seasonal unemployment means the unemployment arising in particular industries through seasonal variations in their activity brought about by climatic changes.† Seasonal unemployment occurs due to lack of productive work during certain periods of the year. Certain industries or occupations are seasonal in character.Take the case of ice-cream production, which has a peak demand during the summer. In the winter season, with a fall in the demand for ice-cream, the demand for labour engaged in its production also falls, and seasonal unemployment takes place.A sugar mill may be closed for a number of months in a year, as the supply of sugarcane stops. Seasonal unemployment may also be witnessed in the case of traditional and underdeveloped agriculture. For instance, in India, the cultivators tilling the unirrigated lands very often remain idle for 120 to 150 days in a year. Seasonal unemployment takes place mainly due to the lack of suitable alternative employment opportunities in the slack season. Such unemployment usually does not lead to serious distress, as the wages in seasonal occupations are comparatively higher, which provides for the period of unemployment. Solutions to Seasonal Unemployment Such unemployment can be reduced by encouraging people to take different jobs in the â€Å"off season†. Reduced unemployment benefits and improving the flow of information may also be beneficial. 2. Frictional Unemployment The term frictional unemployment refers to the unemployment that is associated with the normal turnover of labour. People leave jobs for many reasons and they take time to find new jobs; old persons leave the labour force and young person enter it, for example, school leavers but often new workers do not fill the jobs vacated by those who leave. Inevitably all of this movement takes time and give rise to a pool of persons who are frictionally unemployed while in the course of finding new jobs. This unemployment would occur even if the occupational, industrial and regional structure of unemployment were unchanging. When the welfare payments are more attractive than the work itself, some of the unemployed believe that the tax and the benefit system will reduce significantly the net increase in income from taking paid work and choose to be on the welfare instead. Causes of frictional unemployment: The relationship between workers and employers tends to be heterogeneous in some or the other way. This mismatch can lead to frictional unemployment, which makes it closely related to structural unemployment. Fresh graduates looking for a good job, but are not able to get it right away because of certain demands by the employers in terms of skills and experience, therefore resulting in frictional unemployment. Factors related to preference, work environment, skills, remuneration, location, work timings, etc., always rise a sense of dissatisfaction in the workers or employers. This is one of the main causes of frictional unemployment. Solutions to frictional unemployment The government can make the information about the labour market more readily available. Schools can provide more guidance about the jobs in the market and invite professionals to speak about their jobs so as to provide more information to the school leavers. The government can create some part time jobs as a solution to the unemployment. Proper educational advice to college students in terms of the job demands and skills required to get job faster. (Reference tutor2u.com) 3. Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment takes place because of a change or defect in the economic structure of a country. It occurs as a result of changes in demand and supply conditions for certain categories of labour. According to Beveridge, structural unemployment means â€Å"the unemployment arising in particular industries or localities through a change of demand so’ great that it may be regarded as affecting the main economic structure of a country.† There are some distinct similarities between frictional and structural unemployment, as both arise due to maladjustment between the demand for and supply of labour. However, there are certain important differences between the two. Frictional unemployment is of a shorter duration and takes place because of temporary factors. Hence although the demand for labour may decline in certain industries this fall in demand is counterbalanced by a rise in demand in some other industries. In case of structural unemployment, the deficiency in demand for labour is more permanent, extensive and deep rooted. The barriers to mobility are rather more formidable. According to Thomas D. Simpson structural unemployment is more heavily concentrated among certain employment and demographic groups. It affects a significant number of workers in certain occupations, industries, racial, and age groups, whereas frictional unemployment tends to occur more widely. Secondly, structural unemployment is less voluntary than frictional unemployment. Solutions to Structural Unemployment: The government can retrain the workers to meet the demand for a new set of skills. For example, farmers should learn the new techniques of production using automation rather than rely only on the traditional method of farming. Workers should improve their skills and reduce occupational immobility. Policies should provide the unemployed with skills they need in order to be re-deployed. In this era of information technology, workers should have IT knowledge to remain employed. Education and training opportunities should be made available to the workers so that they can get trained and improve their chances of taking on new jobs that are available in the economy. 4 Cyclical/ Keynesians unemployment/ deficient-demand unemployment Cyclical unemployment happens to be the most common type of unemployment in an industrially developed capitalist economy. According to the classical economists, in the long run there would be a full employment equilibrium. But in reality we find that a capitalist economy is characterised by alternate periods of prosperity and depression, rising economic activity and employment and sluggish business conditions and falling employment opportunities. Cyclical unemployment is also popularly known as Keynesian unemployment, following Keynes. Keynes has culled this type of unemployment as involuntary unemployment. Lerner has termed this unemployment during an economic depression as deflationary unemployment. Moreover, cyclical unemployment is when workers lose their jobs during downturns in the business cycle. It generally happens when the economy contracts, as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). If the economy contracts for two quarters or more, then the economy is in a recession. Cyclical unemployment is usually the cause of high unemployment, when rates quickly grow to 8% or even 10% of the labor force. It’s known as cyclical because, when the economy re-enters the expansion phase of the business cycle, the unemployed will get rehired. Cyclical unemployment is temporary — although it could last anywhere from 18 months (the typical time frame of a recession) to ten years (during a depression). (Reference, Wikipedia) Cyclical unemployment through a diagram As we can see in the AD/AS diagram, the fall in AD to AD1 will result in a fall in the Real output (Y1).This will force the firms to reduce their output and hence reduce their workforce from ADL to ADL1. However, due to ‘wage stickiness’ it is less likely that real wages will fall (as seen in the labour diagram). Therefore, the wages instead of coming down to W1 will remain at We. This will create a surplus situation where the aggregate demand for labour will be at ‘a’ and the aggregate supply of labour will be ‘b’. (reference tutor4u.com) 5. Technological Unemployment. Technological unemployment takes place because of rapid technological improvements. Introduction of improved machinery and labour saving know-how has a tendency to displace labour force. Myrdal cites the example of technological unemployment in the American agricultural sector in the fifties, when due to the introduction of labour-saving techniques, the agricultural workers as part of the total civilian labour force declined from 12’6 to 8’5 per cent. Introduction of improved technology in production will lower the capital-output ratio and the labour-output ratio. This will increase the productivity of capital and labour, causing technological unemployment. Probably due to this reason, even now introduction of electronic computers has always been viewed with suspicion by the workers. 6. Disguised Unemployment. As the word suggests, disguised unemployment refers to a situation when a person is apparently employed, but in effect unemployed. !t is a phenomenon of concealed unemployment, not visible to the open eyes. Here it is not possible to identify as to who are unemployed, as all â€Å"appear to be working.† As Nurkse has remarked, â€Å"In an overpopulated peasant economy, we cannot point to any person and say he is unemployed in disguise. The people may all be occupied and no one may consider himself idle.† The concept of disguised unemployment was originally conceived by Mrs. Joan Robinson. Her concept of disguised unemployment is more applicable to the advanced developed countries. According to her, â€Å"a decline in demand for the product of the general run of industries leads to a diversification of labour from occupations in which productivity is higher, to others where it is lower. The cause of this diversion, a decline in effective demand, is exactly the same as the cause of unemployment in the ordinary sense and it is natural to describe the adoption occupations by dismissed workers as disguised unemployment.† Conclusion Unemployment is something which is of great concern to individuals as well as the economy. It is surely something to worry about as it wastes economic resources and causes human suffering such as poverty, famine, depression and so on. Also experiences of unemployment are becoming much longer in duration and are increasing significantly. Hence alleviation of unemployment is a prime aim of the government in order to boost the economy. How could you measure unemployment and discuss the problem associated with each measure? Most people understand intuitively that being unemployed means not having a job. That said, it’s important to understand more precisely how unemployment is measured in order to properly interpret and make sense of the numbers. Basically there are two types of method to measure unemployment: I. Claimant count method II. The Labour Force Survey Claimant Count Method This method calculates unemployment by measuring the number of people receiving benefits (Job Seekers allowance). If the rate is up, it indicates a lack of expansion within the labor market, while it indicates economic expansion and could spark inflationary pressures if the rate is down. Generally, a decrease of the figure is seen as positive, while an increase is seen as negative. Source: www.fxwords.com Graph 2 shows: claimant count of United Kingdom An example of a claimant count chart can be illustrated above where we can analyses a decreasing trend during the years of people claiming for unemployment benefits thus indicating beneficial economic conditions, ceteris paribus. The Labour Force Survey A labour force survey is an inquiry directed to households designed to obtain information on the labour market and related issues by means of personal interviews. The information collected on the labour market can then be used to develop, manage, evaluate and report on labour market policies. According to the Mauritius Labour Force, Employment and Unemployment survey the following result were obtained: Second quarter 2012 1. Employment of Mauritians is estimated at 548,300 at the second quarter of 2012 compared to 535,500 at the first quarter of 2012 and 531,400 at the second quarter of 2011. 2. The unemployment rate is estimated at 8.2% for the second quarter of 2012 compared to 8.0% at both the first quarter of 2012 and the second quarter of 2011. 3. The main characteristics of the unemployed at the second quarter of 2012 were: (i) The 48,900 unemployed comprised 20,100 males (41%) and 28,800 females (59%). (ii) Around 22,300 (46%) of them were aged below 25 years. (iii) About 55% of the unemployed were single. Among males, the majority (80%) was single while among females, the majority (61%) was ever married. (iv) Some 7,800 or 16% had not reached the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE) level or equivalent and a further 21,900 (45%) did not have the Cambridge School Certificate (SC) or equivalent. (v) 11,300 (23%) had been looking for work for more than one year. (vi) 18,900 (39%) were looking for a job for the first time. Thus these result could be use to devise policies by the government for example whether to invest more or not, in order to combat unemployment and other economic turmoil. Reference: gov.mu Problem associated with claimant count: The criteria to be eligible for benefits often changes, usually this has been to reduce the claimant count. This makes it difficult to compare over time. The claimant count excludes: People over pension age, who will typically claim pensions rather than Job Seekers allowance People under 18, (with a few exceptions) People in full time education, who may still be classed as unemployed. People not eligible for contribution based JSA. To claim the contributions based JSA they need to have paid at least two years of NI contributions. Also, their level of savings or their partner’s income may be too high to be eligible. Any one on a government training schemes Married women looking to return to work Those looking for part time work and not full time work Some people may claim benefits whilst still working in the â€Å"black market† i.e. claim JSA fraudulently. Some people may be able to work upto 16 hours a week and still legally claim JSA (JSA- Job Seekers allowance) Problem associated with Labour force survey It could be subject to sampling errors and may not be truly representative. The sample chosen may be from just few regions of the country, instead of the whole population/every region. This will generate bias result thus it will be wrongly interpreted leading to inefficient policies to combat unemployment. It is time consuming and costly, basically conducting this survey may take months or years depending on the size of the economy and the number of population. In the same vein a lot of paper work is needed for this survey, more officers must be hired to conduct private interview. Hence there is no perfect method to measure unemployment accurately, as all measures have theirs pros and cons. For example claimant count consider various criteria to be eligible for the allowance whereas Labour Force Survey may not be representative. The method to measure unemployment also depend on the type of economy Discuss the effect of unemployment on an economy? Unemployment is universally recognized as a bad thing. It brings a lot of adverse effect to an economy. The consequences are as follows: 1. The consequences to the individual Increase health risk Unemployment increases susceptibility to malnutrition, illness, mental stress, and loss of self-esteem, leading to depression. Not everyone suffers equally from unemployment, highly conscientious people suffers more than twice. For example fresh graduates or people holding a degree but is unable to find a job are the most affected. Basically the table below shows the unemployment rate of people having a tertiary education in Mauritius. The Unemployment with tertiary education (% of total unemployment) in Mauritius was last reported at 7.90 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Graph 3 show: Unemployment with tertiary education (% of total unemployment) in Mauritius Source: indexmundi.com /cso Loss of income Unemployment normally results in a loss of income. The majority of the unemployed experience a decline in their living standards and are worse off out of work. This leads to a decline in spending power and the rise of falling into debt problems. The unemployed for example may find it difficult to keep up with their mortgage repayments. 2. The Consequences to the business Less overall spending When people are unemployed in large numbers, it hurts the rest of the economy, creating a cyclical problem. When people have less money to spend because of unemployment, other companies suffer from less consumer demand. Then, when companies suffer because of lost business, they might in turn be forced to make layoffs of their own, making the unemployment rate rise and overall spending drop even more. The cyclical effect of unemployment is the reason for government-issued economic stimulus packages to help businesses in difficulty. Logic suggests that when people have more money, they spend it, thereby stimulating the economy and simulating job growth. Social problems Business may be impacted by social problems associated with high unemployment (e.g. rising crime). If the market of a business is situated in a place where the crime rate is high and where there is high unemployment rate, it can have adverse effect on the business. Demand may fall due to the negative image of the areas, potential consumers may prefer to purchase their goods and services at a more secure place for personal security thus if demand fall, the firm’s revenue will decrease which can lead to bankruptcy consequently more people will be unemployment. Inferior goods Demand for inferior goods (lower price, quality) may increase, the demand for luxury goods will decrease. Thus business engage in production of inferior good will gain and those in luxury good will lose. Graph 1: demand for luxury goods under unemployment Graph 2: demand for inferior goods under unemployment As shown above, in graph 1 the demand of luxury goods has decrease from D to D1 due to unemployment, lack of potential buyers. Quantity supply has decreased from Q to Q1 leading to a decrease in price from P to P1. Area P,T,Z,P1 is the loss incurred by the firm operating under luxury goods production. On the contrary graph 2 shows the increase in demand for inferior goods from D to D1 due to unemployment. People will prefer to buy cheap goods due to lack of income. Quantity supply has increase from S to S1 causing price to rise in the long run from P to P1. Area P1,T,Z,P is the profit incurred by the firm operating under inferior goods production due to a rise in demand. 3. The Consequences for the government Fiscal costs High unemployment has an impact on government expenditure, taxation. An increase in unemployment results in higher benefit payments and lower tax revenues. When individuals are unemployed, not only do they receive benefits but also pay no income tax. As they are spending less they contribute less to the government in indirect taxes, the government will have to scale back plans for public spending on public and merit goods. Government Borrowing Spending along with the fall in tax revenues due to unemployment may result in a higher government borrowing requirement (known as a public sector net cash requirement). The Central government debt; total (current LCU) in Mauritius was last reported at 113289300000 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Graph 4 shows: The government of Mauritius debts 4. The Consequences for the economy as a whole Lost output of goods and services Unemployment causes a waste of scarce economic resources and reduces the long run growth potential of the economy. An economy with high unemployment is producing within its production possibility frontier. The hours that the unemployed do not work can never be recovered. Negative multiplier effects The closure of a local factory with the loss of hundreds of jobs can have a large negative multiplier effect on both the local and regional economy. One person’s spending is another’s income so to lose well-paid jobs can lead to a drop in demand for local services, downward pressure on house prices and ‘second-round employment effects’ for businesses supplying the factor or plant that closed down. Hence unemployment affects many aspects in an economy such as social, individual, economical and so on. Unemployment affects the economy in ways that most people do not visually see. Some effects are avoidable and some are inevitable. Evaluate the impact of the different policy measures adopted by the government of Mauritius in order to control unemployment? A range of government policies are available for the Government of Mauritius wanting to reduce the scale of unemployment in the economy. The Government can do many things to try and influence the level of employment. However some policies the government use can conflict with other policies for example if they were to spend more on education and training (so increasing the skills of workers) they would have to spend less on other things such as health-care. Basically the situation of unemployment in Mauritius is alarming, here is a chart to illustrate the seriousness of the issue: ChChGraph 5 : shows the Mauritius unemployed persons Unemployed Persons in Mauritius increased to 44000 Persons in February of 2012 from 43800 Persons in November of 2011, according to a report released by the Central Statistics Office, Mauritius. Historically, from 2004 until 2012, Mauritius Unemployed Persons averaged 45757.6 Persons reaching an all time high of 56100.0 Persons in May of 2005 and a record low of 35000.0 Persons in November of 2008. Source:indexmundi.com Fiscal measure: The ‘Additional Stimulus Package’ was presented in December 2008 to support enterprises on a short-term basis. The package introduced a ‘Mechanism for Transitional Support to the Private Sector’, which was eventually replaced by ‘the Economic Restructuring and Competitiveness Programme’ in 2010’ under the â€Å"Facing the Euro Zone Crisis & Restructuring for Long Term Resilience’ Memorandum presented in August 2010. This programme also included SURE (Support Unit for Re-Employment of Employees), and plans for restructuring the tourism industry, and for supporting the sugar industry. In 2012, Rs 7.3 Billion has been committed to a National Resilience Fund to help businesses better face the economic downturn. Thus this would secure current employees job and would create new jobs. During the financial crisis in the 2008, The government of Mauritius injected Rs6 billion in the economy for education, training, food security and This massive investment has been possible due to the fruit of past reforms in terms of fiscal benefits. In addition to these policy options, the Mauritian government introduced an Additional Stimulus Package in December 2008. In effect, Rs4 billion was earmarked to save employment. Much effort was made to sustain, modernise and ease the access to finance of local enterprises to help them improve their productivity and competitiveness. In year 2011, 5000 new Small & Medium Enterprises were created and were awarded grants by the government compared to 7,600 in Reunion Island in the same year. Thus creating jobs. The government proposed a tax rebate on all earnings for new entrepreneurs in the first two years, certain taxes have been suspended over two years, in tourism, construction and other sectors. Consequently, there will be a boost in their revenue and it may encourage the creation of new jobs. Source: Le Matinal(newspaper) Supply side policies (reduce frictional and structural unemployment) To educate is to empower. The government proposed more funds allocated to SMEs so that they can provide required training to their employees. The National Resiliency Fund was created last year by the Minister of Finance to encourage ‘the youth employment. The government in his last budget proposed that all secondary schools have a qualified career advisor and propose that all schools promote extra-curricular activities such as the ‘Young Enterprise Awards’. There should also be qualified staff in each state school, to help channel underperforming students in their right vocation. The Minister of Finance promised Rs 500,000 to schools around the island. The more skillful you are the more secure you are to get a job. Reflating Aggregate Demand The government succeeded in attracting foreign direct investment in Mauritius as it rose by 19.8 percent in the first six months of 2012 to 4.077 billion Mauritius rupees ($133.89 million) from 3.401 billion a year ago, according to the central bank thus contributing in enhancing the real national output consequently increasing the demand for labour. Foreign direct investment has risen causing aggregate demand to shift from AD1 to AD2 consequently the demand for labour to shift from LD1 to LD2 causing an obvious decrease in unemployment. Basically in assessing the effectiveness of these measures we just have to compare the working population to previous years: Graph 6 shows: Employed persons in Mauritius Economic policies till 2008 to 2012 had a positive impact on the labour market as there has been a rise in labour force which shows the effectiveness of these policies adopted by the government of Mauritius. Hence unemployment do not have an exact definition, it do not have a measure to calculate it exactly, its effects are vast and there are various measures to combat it. Unemployment is inevitable in an economy. The economy must see unemployment as a challenge, opportunity and tackle the issue with intelligence, not as a major economic turmoil, or be afraid of.